Documents
Northern Wing of the Movement
Listed Chronologically

1940s-50s   1960   1961   1962   1963   1964   1965   1966   1967   1968

See also Northern Documents Grouped by Issue

Students for a Democratic Society Collection, 1962-1970
Berkeley Free Speech Movement Collection (FSM), 1964
San Francisco State College Collection, 1967-1968
Third World Liberation Front (TWLF) Collection 1968-1970

Skip introduction & notes

As explained in About the Civil Rights Movement Archive, this website was created to document and preserve the history of the Southern Freedom Movement — meaning the Civil Rights Movement as it occurred in the South. We initially chose not to cover the northern wing of the Movement because few of us in Bay Area Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement had much direct experience in the North and because, with one exception, we did not have any significant collection of northern materials to begin with. However, some collections of southern material also contain northern documents which in 2020 we decided to begin including here. For more on the northern wing, see Northern Wing of the Civil Rights Movement).

 — Bruce Hartford, Webspinner

Notes on language:

1. As was the common usage by Freedom Movement activists in the 1960s, this page uses the words "North" and "Northern" to denote the movement as it existed outside of the South.

2. In the 1960s, social-justice activists commonly used the word "ghetto" for Afro-American neighborhoods — particularly in the urban north — as a way of calling attention to involuntary residential segregation, economic exploitation, systemic poverty, and police repression. In some contexts, "ghetto" was also a term of defiant community pride. Today, some folks now use "ghetto" as a disparaging pejorative, as in "that's so ghetto." On this site we use "ghetto" as it was used in the 1960s.

Background: Los Angeles Movement, 1963-1965

1940s-1950s

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

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